This study strives to carry out multiaspectual research into paragraphs, examining their internal structure as well as external relationships from a multitude of viewpoints. All the conclusions are based on a research corpus composed of contemporary British text samples representing several registers. Included in the analysis are the paragraph’s outer, formal features (such as its length, indentation, etc.), structural characteristics (thematic progressions, cohesive links, etc.) and content aspects (e.g., content parameters and layers of the Paragraph Theme). Furthermore, mainly due to the recursive tendencies detected in the text build-up, the paragraph is studied in its co-text and particular attention is paid to paragraph groups. Individual paragraph types, aspects and features are systematically analysed with regard to their incidence in the overall corpus assembled, as well as in the various register corpora and subcorpora.
This study is based predominantly on the Prague view of linguistics, benefitting directly or indirectly from a number of its classic tenets, such as of centre and periphery, as proposed by Danes (1966), the concept of vagueness in the wording by Neústupný (1966), the notion of potentiality of linguistic phenomena by Mathesius (1911), the treatment of foregrounding (by Havránek 1932; Mukařovský 1932), theory of asymmetrical dualism of linguistic phenomena (in Karcevskij 1929; Skalička 1935) and comprehensiveness of linguistic phenomena by the latter author. On a more specific level, we follow the endeavour and teaching of a group of outstanding Czech linguists engaged prominently in exploring the sphere of paragraph, textual theme and functional sentence perspective (or topic - focus articulation), namely Mathesius, Danes, and Hausenblas, but also Červenka, Dušková, Firbas, Hajičová, Sgall, Svoboda, Uhlířová and many others. The study nevertheless draws also on a number of other valuable contemporary linguistic trends, views, and scholarly achievements. At least the following areas of research deserve specific mentioning, namely the notion of coherence (e.g., Bublitz et al. 1999), the treatments of cohesion (e.g., Halliday, Hasan 1976, 1985), the concept of openness of texts (Van Peer 1989), the issue of discourse topic (e.g., Brown, Yule 1983) and the theories dealing with frames organizing our world knowledge (e.g., Bednarek 2005).
Thematic Organization of Paragraphs and Higher Text Units
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MIŠŠÍKOVÁ, G., 2003. Linguistic Stylistics. Nitra: UKF.
MIŠŠÍKOVÁ, G., 2005. Background Knowledge in Interpretation of Discourse. In: R. POVOLNÁ and O. DONTCHEVA-NAVRÁTILOVÁ, eds. Discourse and Interaction, I. Brno: Masarykova univerzita v Brně, Pedagogická fakulta, 85-97.
MUKAŘOVSKÝ, J., 1938/1982. Studie z poetiky. Praha: Odeon.
MUKAŘOVSKÝ, J., 1932/2000. Standard Language and Poetic Language (1932). In: L. BURKE, T. CROWLEY and A. GIRVIN, eds. The Routledge Language and Cultural Theory Reader. London/New York: Routledge, 225-230.
MUKAŘOVSKÝ, J., 1932. Jazyk spisovný a jazyk básnický. In: B. HAVRÁNEK and M. WEINGART, eds. Spisovná čeština a jazyková kultura. Praha: Melantrich a.s. v Praze, 123-156.
MUKAŘOVSKÝ, J., 1932/1964. Standard Language and Poetic Language. In: P.L. GARVIN, ed. A Prague School Reader on Esthetics, Literary Structure, and Style. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 17-30.
NEBESKÁ, I., 1992. Úvod do psycholingvistiky. Praha: H&H.
NEÚSTUPNÝ, J., 1966. On the Analysis of Linguistic Vagueness. Travaux linguistiques de Prague, 2, Les problèmes du centre et de la périphérie du systéme de la langue, 39-51.
ÓSTMAN, J.-O., 1999. Coherence and Discourse Patterns. In: W. BUBLITZ, U.LENK and E. VENTOLA, eds. Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse. How to Create it and How to Describe it. Selected Papers from the International Workshop on Coherence, Augsburg, 24-27 April 1997. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 78-100.
PALEK, B., 1988. Referenční výstavba textu. Praha: Univerzita Karlova.
PANEVOVÁ, J. and SGALL, P., 1997. K asymetrii mezi rovinami jazykového systému. (On the Asymmetry between the Levels of the Language System). Časopis pro moderní filologii, 79 (2), 67-73.
PEER, W. VAN, 1989. How to Do Things with Texts: Towards a Pragmatic Foundation for the Teaching of Texts. In: M. SHORT, ed. Reading, Analysing and Teaching Literature. London: Longman, 267-297.
PETERKA, J., 2001. Teorie literatury pro učitele. Praha: Pedagogická fakulta.
PÍPALOVÁ, R., 2003a. On Cohesion and Coherence in a Selected Fairy-Tale Sample. In: A. GRMELOVÁ and M. FARRELL, eds. Prague Conference on Linguistics and Literary Studies. Proceedings. Praha: UK PEDF, 61-75.
PÍPALOVÁ, R„ 2003b. Towards Paragraph Typology. In: J. CHOVANEC, ed. Theory and Practice in English Studies, vol. 1. Proceedings from the Seventh Conference of English, American and Canadian Studies. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 93-102.
PÍPALOVÁ, R., 2005a. On the Global Textual Theme and Other Textual Hyperthemes. Lingüistica Pragensia, XV(2), 57-86.
PÍPALOVÁ, R., 2005b. On Central Paragraphs with a Stable P-Theme. In: J. ČERMÁK, A. KLÉGR, M. MALÁ and P. ŠALDOVÁ, eds. Patterns. A Festschrift for Libuše Dušková. Praha: FFUK/KMF, 157-167.
PÍPALOVÁ, R., 2005c. On Paragraphs Featuring Direct Speech. In: A. GRMELOVÁ, L. DUŠKOVÁ and M. FARRELL, eds. 2"d Prague Conference on Linguistics and Literary Studies: Proceedings. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, Pegagogická fakulta, 68-87.
PÍPALOVÁ, R., 2005d. On the Structural Aspect of Textual Hyperthemes. In: J. CHOVANEC, ed. Theory and Practice in English Studies, vol.3. Proceedings from the Eighth Conference of English, American and Canadian Studies. Brno: MUNI, 121-126.
PÍPALOVÁ, R., 2006. Unfolding a Paragraph Theme, in: R. POVOLNÁ and O. DONTCHEVA-NAVRATILOVA, eds. Discourse and Interaction, 2. Brno: Masarykova universita Pedagogická fakulta, 119-130.
PÍŠA, J., 1977, Odstavec jako textová kategorie překladu. In: A. POPOVIČ, ed. Překlad odborného textu. Bratislava: SPN, 173-180.
POVOLNÁ, R., 2005. On the Role of Some Interactive D-items in Different Genres of Spoken English. In: J. ČERMÁK, A. KLÉGR, M. MALÁ and P. ŠALDOVÁ, eds. Patterns. A Festschrift for Libuše Dušková. Praha: FFUK/KMF, 169-181.
QUIRK, R., 1986. Words at Work. Lectures on Textual Structure. Harlow: Longman.
QUIRK, R., GREENBAUM, S., LEECH, G. and SVARTVIK, J., 1980. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman Group Ltd.
QUIRK, R„ GREENBAUM, S., LEECH, G. and SVARTVIK, J., 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow/London/New York: Longman Group Limited.
QUIRK, R., GREENBAUM, S., 1990. A Student’s Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman.
SCHRIFFRIN, D., 1994. Approaches to Discourse. Oxford/Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Ltd./Inc.
SEIDLHOFER, B. and WIDDOWSON, H., 1999. Coherence in Summary: The Contexts of Appropriate Discourse. In: W. BUBLITZ, U. LENK and E. VENTOLA, eds. Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse. How to Create it and How to Describe it. Selected Papers from the International Workshop on Coherence, Augsburg, 24-27 April 1997, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 205-219.
SERZISKO, F., 1995. The Paragraph in Spoken Narrative Discourse. In: B. WARVIK, S.-K. TANSKANNEN and R. HILTUNEN, eds. Organization in Discourse. Proceedings from the Turku Conference. Turku: University of Turku, 497-508.
SIMPSON, P., 1993. Language, Ideology and Point of View. London: Routledge.
SGALL, P., 1986. Vlastní téma, diatéma a stupně dynamičnosti. Slovo a slovesnost 47, 193-207.
SGALL, P., HAJIČOVÁ and E., BURÁŇOVÁ, E., 1980. Aktuální členění věty v češtině. Praha: Academia.
SGALL, P., HAJIČOVÁ, E. and PANEVOVÁ, J„ 1986. The Meaning of the Sentence and Its Semantic and Pragmatic Aspects. Praha: Academia/ Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
SGALL, P., 2003. From Functional Sentence Perspective to Topic-Focus Articulation. In: J. HLADKY, ed. Language and Function. To the Memory of Jan Firbas. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 279-288.
SKALIČKA, V., 1935/1982. Asymetrický dualismus jazykových jednotek. In: B. PÁLEK, ed., Lingvistické čítanky III (1), Typologie. Vladimír Skalička. Praha: SNP, 49-54.
SMITH, C.S., 2003. Modes of Discourse. The Local Structure of Texts. Cambridge / New York / Madrid / Cape Town / Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
SPERBER, D. and WILSON, D., 1986. Relevance. Communication & Cognition. Malden / Oxford / Melbourne / Berlin: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
SVĚTLÁ, J., 2000. K typologii textů ve francouzské lingvistice. Časopis pro moderní filologii, 82 (1), 4-22.
SVOBODA, A., 1968. The Hierarchy of Communicative Units and Fields as Illustrated by English Attributive Constructions. Brno Studies in English, 49-85.
SVOBODA, A., 1981. Diatheme. Brno: Univerzita J.E. Purkyně.
SVOBODA, A., 1989. Kapitoly z funkční syntaxe. Praha: SPN.
ŠIMONKOVÁ, A., 1976/1977. Odstavce ve slohových pracích žáků 6.-9. třídy. Český jazyk a literatura, 27, 356-370.
TÁRNYIKOVÁ, J., 1995. Chapters from Modern English Syntax 11. (Text Perspective). Olomouc: Vydavatelství Univerzity Palackého.
TÁRNYIKOVÁ, J., 2002. From Text to Texture. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci.
TOMLIN, R.S., FORREST, L., PU, M.M. and KIM, M.H., 1997. Discourse Semantics. In: T.A. VAN DIJK, ed. Discourse Studies. A Multidisciplinary Introduction., vol.1, Discourse as a Structure and Process. London/ Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: Sage, 63-111.
TSUI, A.B.M., 1994. English Conversation. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
UHLÍŘOVÁ, L., 1980. K aktuálnímu členění podřadného spojení vět (konkurence vyjadřování větného a nevětného). Slovo a slovesnosí, 41, 274-278.
UHLÍŘOVÁ, L., 1983. Aktuální členění a styl jazykových projevů (na materiálu z publicistických textů). Slovo a slovesnost, 44, 284-294.
UHLÍŘOVÁ, L., 1987. Knížka o slovosledu. Praha: Academia.
URBANOVÁ, L. and OAKLAND, A., 2002. Úvod do anglické stylistiky. Brno: Barrister & Principal.
VACHEK, J., 1994. Vilém Mathesius as One of the Forerunners of Modern Textological Research. In: S. ČMEJRKOVÁ and F. ŠTÍCHA, eds. The Syntax of Sentence and Text. A Festschrift for František Daneš. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 67-71.
VENTOLA, E., 1992. Reference and Theme and the Interplay of These Two Textual Systems. In: H. NYYSSÓNEN and L. KUURE, eds. Acquisition of Language - Acquisition of Culture. Jyvaskyla: AFinLA, 379-418.
WALES, K., 1994. A Dictionary of Stylistics. 3rd edition. Harlow/New York: Longman.
WATANABE, Y., YOSHIHIRO, O., KENGO, K. and MAKOTO, N., 1998. Aligning Articles in TV Newscasts and Newspapers [online]. Available from: http://acl.ldc.upenn.edU/P/P98/P98-2225.pdf. [accessed 15 January 2008],
WICHMANN, A., 2000. Intonation in Text and Discourse. Beginnings, Middles and Ends. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education Ltd.
YOKOYAMA, O.T., 1995. Non-Propositional Encodings of Discourse Categories. In: P. SGALL and B. PARTEE, eds. Discourse and Meaning. Papers in Honour of Eva Hajičová. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 17-29.
8.2 HANDBOOKS OF RHETORIC
BAKER, S., 1966. The Practical Stylist. 9th edition. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
CAREY, G.V., 1976. Mind the Stop. A Brief Guide to Punctuation. Penguin Reference. London: Penguin Books.
CHAPLEN, F., 1970. Paragraph Writing. London: Oxford University Press. DOYLE, D.M., 1988. What Students Can Learn from a Single Paragraph. In: Collective Wisdom. A Sourcebook of Lessons for Writing Teachers. S.J. STANG and R. WILTENBURG, eds. New York: Washington University, Random House, 40-48.
FELLAG, L.R. and LE DRÉAN, L.T., 1994. Tools for Writing. London: Heinle & Heinle Publishers/South Melbourne: An International Thomson Publishing Company.
HEFFERNAN, J.A.W. and LINCOLN, J.E., 1982. Writing. A College Handbook. New York/ London: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
HODGES, J.C., WHITTEN, M.E. and WEBB, S.S., 1986. Harbrace College Handbooks. 10th edition. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
HUDSON, H. and IMHOOF, M., 1972. From Paragraph to Theme. Understanding and Practice. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
KING, G., 2000. Punctuation. Collins Wordpower. Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers.
KOLIN, P.C., 1986. Successful Writing at Work. 2nd edition. Lexington/ Massachusetts/ Toronto: D.C. Heath and Company.
LORD, J. B., 1964. The Paragraph. Structure and Style. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
MACPHERSON, R., 1997. Základy anglické stylistiky. Praha: Academia.
MOODY, P.A., 1981. Writing Today. A Rhetoric and Handbook. Englewook Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hali Inc.
OGILVIE, G. and ALBERT, E., 1918. A Practical Course in Secondary English. London: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd.
PACKER, N.H. and TIMPANE, J„ 1986. Writing Worth Reading. A Practical Guide. A Bedford Book. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
PERLMUTTER, J.H., 1965. A Practical Guide to Effective Writing. New York: A Random House Book.
PERRIN, P.G., 1959. Writer’s Guide and Index to English. 3rd edition. Scott, Foresman and Company.
PLOEGER, K., 2000. Simplified Paragraph Skills. Illinois: NTC Publishing Group.
SHEFTER, H., 1975. Shefters Guide to Better Compositions. 12th printing. New York: New York University.
STANFORD, J., 1993. Guidelines for Writers. Rhetoric, Reader, Handbook. New York/St. Louis: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
STANG, SJ. and WILTENBURG, R., 1988. Collective Wisdom. A Sourcebook of Lessons for Writing Teachers. New York: Washington University, Random House.
STRUNK, W., Jr. and WHITE, E.B., 1979. The Elements of Style. With Revisions, An Introduction and a Chapter on Writing. 3rd edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc./London: Collier Macmillan Publishers.
TADROS, A.A., 1978. A Look Beyond the Sentence. In: D.L. BOUCHARD and L.J. SPAVENTA, compilators. A TEFL Anthology. Selected Articles from the English Teaching Forum 1973-1978. Washington, D.C.: English Teaching Division, Educational and Cultural Affairs, 220-226.
TROYKA, L.Q., 1987. Simon and Schuster Handbook for Writers. New Jersey, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
TUCKER, A. and COSTELLO, J., 1985. The Random House WRITING COURSE for ESL STUDENTS. 5,h edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
WATKINS, F.C. and DILLINGHAM, W.B., 1982. Practical English Handbook. 6th edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
WARRINER, J.E., WHITTEN, M.E. and GRIFFITH, F., 1977. Warriner's English Grammar and Composition. Third Course. New York/Chicago/ San Francisco/Atlanta/Dallas/London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
WILLIAMS, J.M. and COLOMB, G.G., 1990. Style. Toward Clarity and Grace. Chicago/ London: The University of Chicago Press.
8.3 DICTIONARY SOURCES
BALDICK, C., 1990/2001. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford: Clarendon.
CUDDON, A., 1999. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. London: Penguin Books.
GOVE, P.B., ed., 1993. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary.Unabridged. Cologne: Konemann.
GURALNIK, D.B., 1980. Collins Concise English Dictionary. London/ Glasgow: Collins.
MCARTHUR, T., 1981. Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English. Harlow: Longman.
MCARTHUR, T., ed., 1992. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
OTTENHEIMER PUBLISHERS, Inc., 1992. New Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus & Medical Dictionary. USA: Harper Collins Publishers.
ONIONS, C.T., ed., 1969. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press.
QUINN, E., 2000. Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms. London: Checkmark Books.
SINCLAIR, J., 1988. Collins Cobuild Essential English Dictionary. London/ Glasgow: Collins.
SUMMERS, D., ed., 1990. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. New Edition. Harlow: Longman.
THATCHER, V., ed., 1971. The New Webster Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language. Chicago: Consolidated Book Publishers.
